government funding, as a sinister American infringement of foreign nations’ “sovereign control” because it helps people evade government internet censorship. The tangible harms Levine identifies aren’t that convincing: he attacks the encrypted browser Tor, which gets U.S. But aside from a few familiar points-the NSA’s monitoring of internet traffic to catch terrorists Google and other search engines’ use of their services to sell targeted ads back to their users-most of the “secret history” he pinpoints, such as the government’s sending of files over the internet in the 1970s, seems innocuous. Journalist Levine argues that since its creation in the 1960s by the Pentagon’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency the internet has been an instrument of surveillance and control. The internet is a cesspool of military-industrial villainy according to this vehement but muddled jeremiad.
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